Bangkok: Student protesters in Thailand are stepping up pressure on the military-backed government with calls for greater democracy and less power for the monarchy, a potentially explosive demand just as leaders struggle to handle the country’s worst-ever economic crisis.
Thousands of demonstrators gathered again on Monday as part of near-daily gatherings across Thailand, which have gained momentum after the arrests of top leaders who have since been released on bail. One of those arrested, Arnon Nampa, last week made a rare public call for rolling back measures that increased the power of King Maha Vajiralongkorn since he took the throne in 2016 — prompting a complaint to the police.
Some groups have also demanded the government rewrite the constitution by the end of September to disband the military-appointed Senate and change election laws to make them more democratic, after which the government would resign and hold a new vote. While Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-Ocha has made some conciliatory statements, one of the groups called Free People — a union led by several different organizers — expects a crowd of 10,000 people for a protest on Aug. 16.
“The plan now is to mobilize more people to join our cause,” said Tattep Ruangprapaikitseree, one of the organizers of Free People group who also inspired youths to gather on July 18, which was then the biggest demonstration since the lockdown began.
“What the government is trying to do is buy more time,” he said. “They haven’t really budged.”
The grassroots nature of the protests are unusual for Thailand, where demonstrations over the past two decades have largely been backed by powerful political actors such as former elected leader Thaksin Shinawatra and his rivals in the royal establishment. That presents a potentially greater challenge for Prayuth, a former army chief who led a 2014 coup and stayed in charge after a disputed election last year conducted under rules written by his military government.
‘It’s Historic’
“The government has no idea how to deal with it,” said Kevin Hewison, an expert in Thai politics and an emeritus professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. “It has evolved into the first movement that directly links the monarchy to the regime. It’s historic. It’s never been done before.”
Prayuth last week said the government would set up a public forum to listen to the protesters, adding that his administration was open to making some unspecified “necessary” changes to the constitution.
Still, the arrests of Arnon and another protest leader on Friday over the July 18 rally appeared to generate fresh momentum for the demonstrations. Over the weekend, a flash mob in central Bangkok demanded the government to stop muzzling critics, while Sunday saw rallies in several places in northern and northeastern Thailand.
Last week, a vice minister in Prayuth’s office filed a police complaint accusing Arnon of defaming the monarchy. Student groups had called for changes to the country’s strict lese-majeste laws criminalizing insults against top members of the royal family, which have resulted in lengthy jail sentences.
Other demands include removing a provision preventing people from bringing lawsuits against the monarchy, separating the monarch’s properties from the Crown Property Bureau, aligning the budget for the monarchy with economic conditions, banning the monarch from expressing political opinions and prohibiting the monarchy from endorsing any coups.
“We have to accept that part of the reason we’re out here today is because we question the role of the monarchy,” Arnon told the rally last week, while adding that he wasn’t calling to topple the institution. “We’re facing a huge problem because there’s been an attempt to push our monarchy further away from democracy.”
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‘Prepared to Listen’
Calls to the Bureau of the Royal Household seeking comments went unanswered. Regarding criticism of the monarchy, government spokeswoman Rachada Dhnadirek noted that certain agencies were in charge of the issue and protests were allowed when they’re not breaking the law.
“Everyone has rights to assembly and to express opinions as long as it’s lawful and as long as protesters manage their infection risks carefully,” she said by phone. “The government is prepared to listen and is ready to allow changes in the constitution after it passes through its process.”
Since taking the throne in 2016, Vajiralongkorn has repeatedly displayed his authority as head of state in Thailand’s constitutional monarchy. He rejected his sister’s shock candidacy for prime minister ahead of last year’s election, rebuked exiled former premier Thaksin as well as a number of royal aides, and took command of some army units. Thaksin had said the election was “rigged,” citing a host of reasons including a “self-serving” new constitution written by the junta.
Vajiralongkorn has also gained ownership of Crown Property Bureau assets through legal changes he approved. His stakes in Siam Commercial Bank Pcl and Siam Cement Pcl, two major listed Thai firms, are worth about $6.7 billion combined, according to the firms’ websites and Bloomberg calculations. The full value of the bureau’s real estate and other holdings isn’t clear.
The latest demonstrations come at a perilous time for Southeast Asia’s second-largest economy, which is dependent on tourism and trade. Gross domestic product may slump 8.5% this year — its steepest contraction ever — as the coronavirus pandemic has kept foreigners away from Thailand’s beaches and decimated its manufacturing sector.
“Larger and prolonged protests pose a potential disruption” to efforts to rescue the economy, said Naris Sathapholdeja, chief economist at TMB Bank Pcl in Bangkok. “Dissonance among the people affected by the pandemic could lead to political instability.”
Prayuth recently appointed a new economic team, including a new finance minister and central bank governor, to spearhead efforts to galvanize the economy after its worst economic contraction on record in the second quarter. While the economy has reopened and virus infections have been kept under control, a strengthening currency — the baht is up nearly 4% over the past three months, making it the strongest performer in Asia — is weighing on the outlook.
‘Organic Roots’
“More people from different groups of society could join the movement, especially if the new economic team or new policies can’t do enough for the economy,” said Punchada Sirivunnabood, an associate professor of politics at Mahidol University near Bangkok.
Public references to matters or laws related to the monarchy have escalated in recent months, particularly on social media. The latest demonstrations have seen various groups, from college students to young gay, lesbian and transgender communities, use digital spaces to set meetings and spread their demands via hashtags.
The style of organizing is more reminiscent of the leaderless flash mobs that occurred in Hong Kong and other parts of the world rather than previous ones in which Thai protesters shut down certain streets in Bangkok and stayed for months. The tactics show that no one group is in charge, according to Hewison from the University of North Carolina.
“It’s not being coordinated and has organic roots,” he said. “The movement is troubling for the government.”-Bloomberg
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