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Essential to distinguish religion from practices for Muslim women to progress

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Substantive gender equality is a prerequisite for women to become active and equal partners in the creation of a humane society.

The rights of citizens are enshrined in our Constitution, which not only grants equality to women and prohibits discrimination but also recognizes their marginalization and empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in their favour. This has been reinforced by the Supreme Court, which has held that the equality clause does not
speak of mere formal equality before law but embodies the concept of real and substantive equality which is an essential ingredient of social and economic justice.

As against this, the Gender Inequality Index of the 2016 Human Development Report of UNDP ranks India at 125 in a list of 159 countries.

Since it is nobody’s case that Muslims in India are altogether immune to the social impact of the Indian society including some of its ailments, a working hypothesis could be to accept these shortfalls as generally representative of the ground situation; at the same time, care is to be taken not to treat Muslim women as a monolithic category since like other large communities, it is also highly differentiated and heterogeneous. The Sachar Committee Report sheds much light on this.

A number of academic and field studies are available on the general condition of Muslim women as well as in different socioeconomic segments. One study examined them in three categories: education, workforce participation and social mobility.

Education:

  • In 2009-10, 34.7 per cent (rural) and 19.8 percent (urban)
  • Muslim women have never attended school
  •  19 percent (rural) and 11 percent (urban) have illiterate
    husbands
  •  Less than 10 percent have completed schooling.

Workforce participation:

  • Out of the total Indian women who participated in the
    workforce, 70 percent are Hindu women and 29 percent are
    Muslim women
  • Two-third of Muslim women are self-employed or engaged in
    home-based labour and have a low level of earning

Social mobility:

  • 75 percent of Muslim women need their husband’s
    permission to engage in almost all activities
  • Many are unaware of government schemes
    20 percent have access to media.

These, and other actual or alleged drawbacks are often attributed to tradition based on socio-religious beliefs and practices. It is therefore essential in the first place to distinguish religion per se from practices attributed to it by tradition in individual societies.

The principle of equality and justice between men and women in terms of their rights and obligations is emphatically stated in Sura Al-Ahzab. This is reiterated in other places of the
Holy Book. It is to be noted that Islam makes no distinction between secular and religious duties; also that in Islamic law a woman has an independent juridical personality. She has to be respected as a person. When then, and how, did inequality creep in?

The answer to this question lies in the psycho-sociological totality that prevailed for centuries in most societies including Indian, and still does, and which can be summed up as a system of values and social practices that became and remain embedded in economy and culture and are referred to as patriarchy. Details, of course, vary from society to society; its overall impact was and remains a lessoning of the equal status of women.

Thus, the equality bestowed by faith was diluted or denied by tradition and practice and replaced by subordination. An obvious result of this was overt or covert misogyny so vividly
reflected in proverbs relating to women in most languages in use in Muslim societies.

This state of affairs is clearly contrary to tenets of faith. It is unethical and harmful to the individuals and the community. It must change. Only then can women, as equal partners,
participate in the creation of a society that is humane. This requires meaningful correctives in social practices.

I asked a lady sometime back about empowerment of women. She said: ‘We are born empowered; life is created within us, through us.’

The validity of her response is evident. A child’s first lessons in life are received from the mother. Despite this, the fact remains that deep-rooted social handicaps diminish the full impact of this relationship. The conscious or sub-conscious perception in many segments of society is that the girl child is a burden, even a misfortune, on account of social evils like insistence on dowry outlawed though it is and many beliefs and practices associated with the institution of marriage.

Our present effort, through affirmative action initiatives of the government, or through voluntary initiatives, is to produce equity of varying intensity rather than substantive equality. It is clearly inadequate.

The challenge is to produce substantive gender equality so that women become active and equal partners in the creation of a humane society.

The first step in this direction is to be taken with the girl child, with her nourishment, education, and inculcation of a sense of equality. Each of these has to be given adequate weight. The principal responsibility for this lies with the parents but for this to happen meaningfully, the social ambience and the attitude of the husband has to change accordingly. The traditional societal bias towards a patriarchal relationship in the family unit has thus to give way to a relationship of equal partners.

The next step is at the nursery, primary and secondary school level, where gender equality has to be practiced and be a part of the curricula. A supportive but essential element in this is obligatory physical training and yoga and encouragement to participate in sports of choice. The human potential for learning and excellence has no gender and class ceiling and experience shows that given opportunity the most deprived in both sexes can scale the heights.

Alongside is the question of preparing the younger generation for participation in the workforce and for requisite career planning. At present, according to World Bank data, it is only 27 percent for India as against 51 in Indonesia, 49 in Malaysia, 43 in Bangladesh, 30 in Sri Lanka and 25 in Pakistan. The Muslim women’s share of this 27 percent is barely 10 percent.

There is, surely, considerable room for improvement. Such an improvement would be in consonance with requirements of faith and necessitates individual and community effort since Verily never will god change the condition of a people until they change it themselves. (s xiii.11)

 

This is an excerpt from the book, ‘Dare I Question?’ by M. Hamid Ansari. The book is published by Har-Anand Publications.

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