In a shift in the government’s economic strategy, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has placed his faith in the private sector. On Wednesday, the government launched a Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for telecom and networking products, to cover 13 sectors, hoping to attract global manufacturing conglomerates to India. This is part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat package to promote domestic manufacturing, especially in labour intensive areas, where India has high import dependence.
The most important element of policy that determines the ability of the private sector to grow is the policy environment. Private individuals make investment decisions based on the regulatory framework, environment regulations, the tax regime, capital controls, etc. If these change too often, or, worse, retrospectively, the ability of the private sector to grow and to deliver on the hopes of the government will be dashed. The government has to ensure that it provides a stable and predictable policy environment.
But will the private sector be able to fulfil the hopes being placed on it? The answer lies in five key areas in which government policy needs to support private enterprise to help create the right environment for improving production by both domestic and foreign companies.
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1. Simplified tax regime
A stable, predictable and simplified tax regime helps to promote greater private sector participation in India. A complex tax regime makes compliance more difficult for honest tax-payers and easier for those who want to evade tax. Reducing tax incentives and the multiple cesses and surcharges and a move towards a simplified tax regime with fewer rates would not only improve the business climate but also enhance revenues.
The Budget announced measures towards simplifying compliance such as increasing the tax audit limit for small businesses and relief for start-ups. The market greeted the “no change” of tax rates with a thumbs-up. To further improve the environment for the private sector, these need to be followed with a roadmap towards a simplified and exemption-free tax regime.
2. Contract enforcement
Enforcement of contracts and timely dispute resolution are essential elements for private individuals and firms to function smoothly in any economy. While India has made significant progress towards improving its ranking in the overall ease of doing business, it continues to remain a laggard in the field of enforcement of contracts. This is a reflection of the weak state of India’s judicial infrastructure. Commercial disputes get resolved at a slow pace. Streamlining court functioning, adopting the latest case management practises and technological tools and training of judicial officers could help in a more time-bound resolution of commercial disputes and enforcement of contracts.
3. Well-functioning financial sector
Finance is known as the brain of the economy, which allocates real resources. When a bank lends to a project, it transfers the savings of thousands of households to that project for some period of time. If each bank chooses a productive project after studying the business plan and the consequent ability of the borrower to repay, then in the aggregate, the country’s households are lending to the businesses who invest in productive assets and create projects that produce output and employ members of these households.
The total resource allocation in the economy is made in such a way that the most productive activities get funds while the projects that are not expected to yield returns are left out. Thus if the banking system does not make decisions based on the productivity of the assets to be created, resource allocation in the economy would be suboptimal.
If banks make decisions based on political pressures or government guidelines, they will tend to fail at choosing the best projects. The government, in the Budget, has announced the decision to privatise two public sector banks. This decision needs to be implemented and followed up by reducing government stake in other public sector banks, and finally, privatising many of them.
The RBI simultaneously should allow entry of more banks to make the banking system competitive and incentivised to try to lend to good projects. At the same time, banking regulation needs to be improved to reduce chances of fraud like the Nirav Modi scam, and a Resolution Authority needs to be created.
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4. Improved foreign investment climate
Foreign investment often comes with new technology and new management practices. To allow inflow of the latest global technology into India, the climate for foreign investment needs to be made open and friendly.
A series of measures have been taken to promote FDI flows such as the dismantling of the Foreign Investment Promotion Board, setting up of a Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal, and a standard operating procedure for time-bound processing of FDI approvals. These measures have resulted in increased FDI flows into the country. FDI inflows into India during the period April-August 2020 were the highest ever in the first five months of a financial year.
Similarly, there should be a review of restrictions on Indian companies doing outbound investment, so that Indian companies can gain greater access to newer markets and better technologies.
5. Developing infrastructure
Infrastructure development is a prerequisite for improving India’s manufacturing competitiveness. The Budget has announced a series of steps that would invest further in infrastructure.
Finally, for the goal Make in India initiative, it must be kept in mind that open trade policy and lower tariffs promote competition in domestic industry. There are concerns that recent tariff hikes are protectionist and could get in the way of India becoming a part of the global supply chains. These tariffs, intended to support industries that are ‘infants’ in the domestic economy, need to be phased out soon and should not become a permanent feature behind which inefficient firms survive.
To be globally competitive and export to the world, Indian companies need to face international competition. In the long run, a low and rational tariff structure is necessary to engage with global businesses and draw supply chains to India.
The PLI scheme can only help push manufacturing for some time; eventually companies will have to come out from behind high tariff walls.
Ila Patnaik is an economist and a professor at National Institute of Public Finance and Policy.
Radhika Pandey is a consultant at NIPFP.
Views are personal.
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Dear ILA PATNAIK and RADHIKA PANDEY,
Thank you for the long article. May i know who is the intended target for this? Most of the people who follow economy know this.
While i agree with the points you have raised, the main problem here is the whole country is telling the govt what should be done….that is not the problem today in my opinion. We all should be telling the govt the ‘How’ part of implementation and how we can, as educated so called experts, can help execute the govt strategies. It is our govt, our country and our future…..then why does the tone always is of ‘Modi shd do this…..Modi shd do that”.
Appreciate if you can take this feedback in the spirit, write articles which will help him or his govt execute transformation. As Col KL Vishwanath says above, this is an orchestra, we have the best conductor today, How can we help him acquire and get the best executioners for this? Looking forward to articles on this from both of you in the near future,
We can prosper only if rule of law is established in the country without any favors, all other things will follow..
It was obvious for decades that the bureaucrats are incapable of running businesses. It has taken us more than seven decades to get out of the morass. It was obvious that change towards privatization is the only way to growth. This cannot happen in a jiffy. I will request the Nation and the media to be patient.
The media and the experts should not be prescriptive rather than be suggestive. We need to highlight what the Government is doing along with what may have to be done additionally. In this regard the experts would do well to also bring out the handicaps in the environment.
A myopic and political approach to the issue in silos is self-defeating. In a large country as India looking at any single factor in isolation is short sightedness; an entire orchestra needs to be put together to create a symphony.
It is not easy to conduct an orchestra
if you had also discussed the political implications of these actions, especially point no. 2 and 4, we would know whether mr.modi will walk the talk.
The most important thing that India needs for manufacturing is a stable and good quality power supply. Thanks to cross subsidies cost of electricity for industry in India, is among the highest in the world. This despite the cost of generation being the lowest in the world.