Emulating the ‘flesh eating’ zombies that rise from the dead in horror movies, scientists believe zombie fires could smoulder in peat, beneath the Arctic’s icy surface, throughout the winter months. When spring comes, the fires reignite surface vegetation, emitting carbon dioxide from both the vegetation and the peat, which is a natural carbon dioxide store.
Record-high Arctic carbon emissions in 2019 were eclipsed this year as summer fires helped push the region’s emissions more than a third higher still, according to the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS).
Millions of acres of Russia’s Sakha Republic have been decimated by fire, as warming temperatures brought a summer wildfire season which started early and combusted with unusual intensity, exacerbating the climate crisis.
Under pressure
Climate change could also be behind the increase in cryovolcanism – the sudden and explosive appearance of vast craters – across parts of the Siberian tundra.
Little is known about the series of at least nine giant craters that have been found in the Yamal peninsula since 2013. The remote location, and the fact that within a year or two the craters fill with water to resemble the thousands of lakes dotting the landscape, make them hard to spot and even more difficult to study. The latest one – 30 metres deep and 20 metres wide – was discovered this summer.
“As of now, there is no exhaustive theory for the formation of these craters,” Evgeny Chuvilin, lead research scientist at Russia’s Skoltech Centre for Hydrocarbon Recovery, told Newsweek. “The explosive events behind them are too rare and too hard to catch in the act to study properly: a fresh crater usually ‘lives’ for just one to two years, and these are remote areas with little observation.”
While the phenomenon needs more research, Chuvilin suggests that gases, chiefly methane, accumulate in the upper layers of permafrost. Over time, the intense pressure build-up is strong enough to burst through the frozen ground to form a crater, at the same time releasing methane emissions into the atmosphere.
A research team has analyzed five gas-emissions craters using remote sensing data and field surveys. Marina O Leibman, of the Earth Cryosphere Institute at the Russian Academy of Sciences, believes extreme summer heat, such as the heatwave in 2012 and again in 2016, may have contributed to methane build-up and the formation of the craters.
Meltdown
At sea, as on land, the climate crisis is taking its toll on the Arctic, which is warming twice as fast as the rest of the world. Higher temperatures have caused a dramatic reduction in sea ice, which animals like polar bears depend on to hunt for food.
Arctic sea ice has shrunk by almost 39% since 1980, according to the National Snow and Ice Data Centre. In the Antarctic region, sea ice has shrunk by more than 6% over the same period.
While these changes present new challenges for Arctic communities, the region’s increasingly accessible conditions are inviting keen interest from shipping, mining and other commercial sectors, which could exacerbate the climate crisis.
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