Panipat, releasing 6 December, the day Babri Masjid was demolished in Ayodhya, is about battle that Amit Shah said ‘paved way for foreigners to enter India’.
Afghan embassy seeks meeting with I&B Minister Prakash Javadekar over fears of misrepresentation of emperor Ahmad Shah Abdali in Ashutosh Gowarikar's film Panipat.
We select individuals capable of becoming Formula One drivers. Then we give them rickety Maruti 800s on potholed roads and expect championship lap times.
SEBI probe concluded that purported loans and fund transfers were paid back in full and did not amount to deceptive market practices or unreported related party transactions.
New Delhi: The Maharashtra Police placed an order last week for 15 US-made Barrett Multi-role Adaptive Design (MRAD) sniper rifles and related accessories worth...
What Munir has achieved with Trump is a return to normal, ironing out the post-Abbottabad crease. The White House picture gives us insight into how Pakistan survives, occasionally thrives and thinks.
The Maratha army did commit strategic blunders before and during the battle. The strategy was mostly containment, because of the lack of allies. Betrayal has been a part of human nature and unfortunately, we have seen it throughout Indian history. Also, apart from history, I find it really surprising that the author links it with ‘Chest thumping nationalism’ and Babri Masjid. These guys should communalizing history. Yes, Abdali did invade India, so did Ghori, Gzhani, Khilji and Taimur. Just because a person can manipulate writing, it does not change historical facts.
If Abdali won the battle why dint he come to delhi..why did he go back to afghanistan ?? Afghans too were slaughtered in this battle..if you want to debate on pro nationalism chose some other topic…Dont try to undermine our ancestors, for they made a supreme sacrifice ….impossible to any other people in india in those times..
JAY BHAVANI JAY SHIVAJI..!!
and just wanted to let you know i am not a modi bhakt, actually i hate him more than you can imagine
While I do commend the bravery of the marathas at the 3rd battle of Panipat, but I feel that movies like Panipat: The Great Betrayal glorify the battle more than anything. Truth is that the marathas suffered a humiliating defeat and had many of their woman captured as slaves, which were eventually freed by the Sikhs as Abdali’s army made their way north. Thereafter, the Sikhs made sure that Abdali never set foot again into India. From the reign of Maharaj Ranjit Singh, the Sikhs bore the brunt of Abdali’s 7th invasion and successfully routed his forces for the first time. Whereas, the movie says that the Sikhs were in no position to ally with the Marathas during Panipat 3 but that’s far from the truth. The 13 Sikh misls were driven away and the marathas had no interest in siding with them, which is one of the reasons their defeat was so tragic.
History is always debatable. The last thing we should do is to romanticise and politicise history. No doubt, Abdali was brilliant and courageous in strategizing the military conflict with Marathas. But even by medieval standards, he was brutal and cruel. The Marathas made many policy and strategic blunders. which led to their eventual defeat in the third battle of the Panipat. The most fundamental policy blunder was going it all alone. They should have allied with Rajputs and the Sikhs. Political disunity and balkanisation was the principle reason of India’s successive defeats at the hands of invaders. This is also true about the British conquering India by capturing states one by one, while other rulers stood as muted and helpless witnesses. However, there is no denying the fact that the Marathas fought bravely in the third battle of Panipat. They were glorious even in defeat, whereas for Abdali the victory was pyrrhic. He incurred heavy losses and was thoroughly weakened . Thereafter, he made many attempts to invade India but were countered by the brave Sikhs. History tells us that the numerous raids and looting as well as victorious battles brought no glory to the country of Afghanistan. They remain a poor underdeveloped nation even now. Panipat, evidently, was the last victory for the Muslim invaders in India. Thereafter the time as well as the world has changed with advent of the industrial revolution and modern age. For those who want to study history, I will recommend book on the Panipat Battle by the noted historian T.S. Shejwalkar. Films like Panipat will tell us nothing consequential about real history.
Maratha’s did ally with Sikhs. However, Sikhs were badly defeated by Abdali even before Maratha army reached Delhi. The Rajputs had lost all desire to fight foreign army by that time because for centuries the Rajput kings had been subjugated by Mughal emperors of Delhi. After the Panipat battle, the Sikhs continued to harass Abdali’s army by doing gurilla attacks and rescued some Maratha girls from Abdali’s army.
In some parts of India, Marathas of that time were dreaded. Even now children are put to sleep by telling that if they don’t sleep Maratha dacoits will come and destroy the village.
Nowhere, but story about barbarians from North West is many.
There is much to learn from history if it tells a complete story.
(1) Was there brutality? Yes. Were there traitors? Yes, mostly on Indian side because the territories were not tied to a vision of a nation state but highly autonomous and tribal in nature. Perhaps greed and personal animosity regardless of community affiliation were at the root (Mir Qasim betrayed Mir Jafar etc). Things were up for grabs, and regional pride was paramount.
(2) What were the key reasons for conflict? Territory, resources, and perhaps a degree of religious ideology (not necessarily in Third battle of Panipat).
(3) What were the reasons for defeat? Primarily inferior military tactics, lack of strategy (read accounts of First battle of Panipat 1526 or later conflicts with East India Company), lack of sustainable collaboration (like the Allied power in WWII).
(4) Is that something to be ashamed of today? No. It is history. Period.
(5) Can this be a source of learning? Yes. Let’s get our act together if we like the idea of India as a nation. Strengthen military hardware and strategic thinking because a nuclear war because a two-front war is a reality, however slim. Get your environment (biosphere) right because when glaciers melt or rivers become polluted beyond repair, then the whole nation-state from Ladakh to Kanyakumari and Kutch to Arunachal will be affected. Get your economy right because when incomes increase, stakes increase and rational, long-term decisions are taken.
Your 3rd point is wrong, there was no technique issue. The issue was of chance and lack of allies.
Go read history. Go read about the battle between Babur and Sher Shah Suri (both muslims). Read the history of the use of gun-powder, lean infantry, ambush warfare conducted on the sub-continent.Don’t teach me history.
Sorry, it was Babur and Lodhi followed by battle of Khanwa.
There is difference between first battle and third battle of panipat. First battle was just one side having artillery and the other donot.
In third battle, there is no technique issue both sides had good army. The only issue was Marathas not having
any allies whereas the abdali had awadh & Rohilas, it resulted in marathas supply being choked. This was very long game for 8-10 months. Marathas only fought when they had no food reserves.
Most of you do not know history.
There was no ally left in north India at that time who was able to help Maratha’s except for Surajmal Jaat of Bharatpur and Shuja of Ayodhya. The Martha’s had saved Shuja and his father from Abdali few years earlier when Abdali and Iran’s king Nadir Shah came to Delhi and killed many Muslims of Delhi. Martha’s thought that Shuja will repay that debt and help them when Abdali came second time. However, Shuja betrayed them because Abdali called Jihad and said it is the duty of every muslim to fight against Kafir when Jihad is called.
Maratha’s tactic was not inferior. Sadashiv Bhau purposely blocked the return path of Abdali because he did not want Abdali to escape from India again without getting severe punishment. However, Maratha’s did not anticipate that people of north India will help Abdali out of fear. Many landlords in Punjab did not provide food supplies to Maratha army because Afghans were known as butchers and they had desecrated Sikh Golden temple and killed thousands of Sikhs. This had terrorized Punjab. There was one landlord who openly told Sadashiv Bhau that he can’t provide any food because if Abdali finds out, he will come back next time and kill him. So Maratha army starved for several months.
Maratha army did not attack for several months because Maratha’s had the best long range and most accurate artillery in entire South Asia and they wanted Abdali to attack first so that Maratha artillery would kill the attacking Afghan army before it could even reach Maratha army. This is exactly the right tactic. In the first three hours of war, Maratha artillery alone killed over 25000 Afghan soldiers but after that some Martha geenerals violated Sadashiv Bhau’s orders and broke their line and started attacking and chasing Afghan army. This was very foolish thing to do and completely spoiled the plan of Sadashiv Bhau who was a master commander. Once hand to hand fighting started Maratha artillery untits could not fire because it would have killed their own soldiers and they were forced to watch helplessly the remainder of the war. If those stupid general had not made such crucial error, Maratha’s would have won convincingly without even losing 100 soldiers.
Please do not insult the brave commander like Sadashiv Bhau by making false comments that he had no plan.
Rajvir Sinhji should chew over # 4 thoughtfully, along with a bowl of his beloved laal maas.
Stop trolling. Come up with facts rather than speaking with mind full of prejudice and hatred. Be happy Mughals gave us a master piece like Taj Mahal. I hope you have seen it? If not, then please do so.
Who gives damn about it, ever saw jaswant thada in jodhpur, taj mahal is just copy of it in large scale. It is purely built on makrana stone by local architects, whereas the barbarian mughals even hacked the hands of those architect.
And for facts, pls read something then come here. Abdali was called by Najib-ud-Daula as he wanted to have his puppet on delhi.
This is battle should be eye opener, never trust converted muslims of India.
1- Neither Rohillas nor the Nawab of Awadh were of Indian origin. They were first or second generation migrants from Afghanistan and Iran and acknowledged those lands as their nation.
2- Naga sadhus fought against Marathas as they were on the pay of Awadh
3- Most of the damage to Abdali’s army was caused by Gardi muskeeters who were native Indians and Muslim by faith
4- Rajput kings of Jodhpur and Jaipur invited Abdali
5- Abdali had better knowledge of North India than Bhau who was visiting it for first time.
6- There is no known record of Bhau considering North India as its motherland. The ostensible reason for the Maratha invasion was to protect the Mughals, who were technically the overlords of the Marathas.
Panipat is an interesting battle but has no great relevance for Non-Marathas and non-Afghans of current generation.
Your history is mostly irational. Marathas had some faults for this incident.they broke their allaince with jats and sikhs,as a result of that jats and sikhs didn’t actively opposed abdali,let him attack marathas.on the other hand it was naga sadhus who fought abdali army after the fall of maratha army,and made them run back to afganisthan.later sikhs and jats also played crucial roll in that.
Any reference to your assertions. Naga Sadhus fought for the Nawab of Awadh, an ally of Abdali. In 1757, they had opposed Abdali.
1) Rajput kings of Jodhpur and Jaipur never invited abdali. Your all point are factually wrong.
2) It was Najib Ud daula who called Abdali, because he wanted to be some Imad-Ul- Mulk of Mughals.
3) Rohilla, and Nawab of Awadh were hybrid, they were local mixed or even some converts . Do you think face of Rohilla Azam khan looks like somebody of Kabul.
4) Marathas was never there to defend some joker whose area of control was till Palam. They were fighting for Indian rule ( Hind Swaraj as envisioned by Shivaji) . They started campaign when Maratha garrison in North West was overran by abdali troops.
5) Panipat has huge relevance for all the people who follow religion of Indian origin and should be eye opener of never trusting a local convert.
6) for Gardi, they were few try like Abdul Kalam.
7) lastly you must change your name from rational to dumb Indian or write with your real Arabi name you convert.
There is no proof of Naga sadhus fighting against Marathas. Another fraud by you.
Naga sadhus definitely fought against Abdali in 1757 AD during his attack of Mathura.
Your ignorance of history makes it not worth my time to debate with you.
1- Please read Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 By Jaswant Lal Mehta (pg. 264) for Rajput kings support to Abdali
2- https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-naga-gosain-sadhus-solidarity-with-awadh-2568169. Please read this for Naga Sadhus support for Abdali.
3- Please read Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 By Jaswant Lal Mehta (pg. 707) for Chhatrapati Shahu accepting the nominal suzernity of Mughal emperor. If he or any subsequent Maratha chhatrapti subsequently rescinded it before 1761 do inform me with references.
4- None of your claims contain references. This shows who is rational and knowledgeable and who is not. I will not waste my time in further debates unless you give references for your points.
I have no Arabic name and I am no convert but you seem to have no mind . Hope you develop one. End of debate from my side.
“Rohilla, and Nawab of Awadh were hybrid, they were local mixed or even some converts . Do you think face of Rohilla Azam khan looks like somebody of Kabul.”
Any proofs. The Rohillas called themselves Pathans, considered themselves Afghans and were called and considered the same as others. Do you dispute that? Same for Nawab of Awadh. Who is the Rohilla commander called Azam Khan? Never heard of him
Lastly, Najib wanted to replace imad-ul-mulk.
Abdali was invited by Najib Khan Rohilla not by Rajput kings.
The Rajput kings at that time had no desire to fight anybody. They were just happy enjoying their life of luxury because hundreds of years of Mughal subjugation had taken its toll.
The leader of Gardi regiment of Maratha artillery force was Ibrahim Khan who was Muslim but many of his solders were Hindu. Some of his soldiers were Maratha Hindu and Muslim and some were Hindu’s from North India. The Gardi regiment was truly a professional army designed and trained on the basis of European regiments of that time. They had the best long range artillery and best guns of that time. Even European powers of that time had tough time matching their fire power. Gardi leader Ibrahim Khan was trained by French general Bussey who later on became famous as the ruler of Pondicherry in TamilNadu.
India should now be making history on the world stage, not wallowing in it.
The Maratha army did commit strategic blunders before and during the battle. The strategy was mostly containment, because of the lack of allies. Betrayal has been a part of human nature and unfortunately, we have seen it throughout Indian history. Also, apart from history, I find it really surprising that the author links it with ‘Chest thumping nationalism’ and Babri Masjid. These guys should communalizing history. Yes, Abdali did invade India, so did Ghori, Gzhani, Khilji and Taimur. Just because a person can manipulate writing, it does not change historical facts.
The writer is high on the opium of leftism.
If Abdali won the battle why dint he come to delhi..why did he go back to afghanistan ?? Afghans too were slaughtered in this battle..if you want to debate on pro nationalism chose some other topic…Dont try to undermine our ancestors, for they made a supreme sacrifice ….impossible to any other people in india in those times..
JAY BHAVANI JAY SHIVAJI..!!
and just wanted to let you know i am not a modi bhakt, actually i hate him more than you can imagine
While I do commend the bravery of the marathas at the 3rd battle of Panipat, but I feel that movies like Panipat: The Great Betrayal glorify the battle more than anything. Truth is that the marathas suffered a humiliating defeat and had many of their woman captured as slaves, which were eventually freed by the Sikhs as Abdali’s army made their way north. Thereafter, the Sikhs made sure that Abdali never set foot again into India. From the reign of Maharaj Ranjit Singh, the Sikhs bore the brunt of Abdali’s 7th invasion and successfully routed his forces for the first time. Whereas, the movie says that the Sikhs were in no position to ally with the Marathas during Panipat 3 but that’s far from the truth. The 13 Sikh misls were driven away and the marathas had no interest in siding with them, which is one of the reasons their defeat was so tragic.
History is always debatable. The last thing we should do is to romanticise and politicise history. No doubt, Abdali was brilliant and courageous in strategizing the military conflict with Marathas. But even by medieval standards, he was brutal and cruel. The Marathas made many policy and strategic blunders. which led to their eventual defeat in the third battle of the Panipat. The most fundamental policy blunder was going it all alone. They should have allied with Rajputs and the Sikhs. Political disunity and balkanisation was the principle reason of India’s successive defeats at the hands of invaders. This is also true about the British conquering India by capturing states one by one, while other rulers stood as muted and helpless witnesses. However, there is no denying the fact that the Marathas fought bravely in the third battle of Panipat. They were glorious even in defeat, whereas for Abdali the victory was pyrrhic. He incurred heavy losses and was thoroughly weakened . Thereafter, he made many attempts to invade India but were countered by the brave Sikhs. History tells us that the numerous raids and looting as well as victorious battles brought no glory to the country of Afghanistan. They remain a poor underdeveloped nation even now. Panipat, evidently, was the last victory for the Muslim invaders in India. Thereafter the time as well as the world has changed with advent of the industrial revolution and modern age. For those who want to study history, I will recommend book on the Panipat Battle by the noted historian T.S. Shejwalkar. Films like Panipat will tell us nothing consequential about real history.
Maratha’s did ally with Sikhs. However, Sikhs were badly defeated by Abdali even before Maratha army reached Delhi. The Rajputs had lost all desire to fight foreign army by that time because for centuries the Rajput kings had been subjugated by Mughal emperors of Delhi. After the Panipat battle, the Sikhs continued to harass Abdali’s army by doing gurilla attacks and rescued some Maratha girls from Abdali’s army.
In some parts of India, Marathas of that time were dreaded. Even now children are put to sleep by telling that if they don’t sleep Maratha dacoits will come and destroy the village.
Nowhere, but story about barbarians from North West is many.
There is much to learn from history if it tells a complete story.
(1) Was there brutality? Yes. Were there traitors? Yes, mostly on Indian side because the territories were not tied to a vision of a nation state but highly autonomous and tribal in nature. Perhaps greed and personal animosity regardless of community affiliation were at the root (Mir Qasim betrayed Mir Jafar etc). Things were up for grabs, and regional pride was paramount.
(2) What were the key reasons for conflict? Territory, resources, and perhaps a degree of religious ideology (not necessarily in Third battle of Panipat).
(3) What were the reasons for defeat? Primarily inferior military tactics, lack of strategy (read accounts of First battle of Panipat 1526 or later conflicts with East India Company), lack of sustainable collaboration (like the Allied power in WWII).
(4) Is that something to be ashamed of today? No. It is history. Period.
(5) Can this be a source of learning? Yes. Let’s get our act together if we like the idea of India as a nation. Strengthen military hardware and strategic thinking because a nuclear war because a two-front war is a reality, however slim. Get your environment (biosphere) right because when glaciers melt or rivers become polluted beyond repair, then the whole nation-state from Ladakh to Kanyakumari and Kutch to Arunachal will be affected. Get your economy right because when incomes increase, stakes increase and rational, long-term decisions are taken.
Your 3rd point is wrong, there was no technique issue. The issue was of chance and lack of allies.
Go read history. Go read about the battle between Babur and Sher Shah Suri (both muslims). Read the history of the use of gun-powder, lean infantry, ambush warfare conducted on the sub-continent.Don’t teach me history.
Sorry, it was Babur and Lodhi followed by battle of Khanwa.
There is difference between first battle and third battle of panipat. First battle was just one side having artillery and the other donot.
In third battle, there is no technique issue both sides had good army. The only issue was Marathas not having
any allies whereas the abdali had awadh & Rohilas, it resulted in marathas supply being choked. This was very long game for 8-10 months. Marathas only fought when they had no food reserves.
Most of you do not know history.
There was no ally left in north India at that time who was able to help Maratha’s except for Surajmal Jaat of Bharatpur and Shuja of Ayodhya. The Martha’s had saved Shuja and his father from Abdali few years earlier when Abdali and Iran’s king Nadir Shah came to Delhi and killed many Muslims of Delhi. Martha’s thought that Shuja will repay that debt and help them when Abdali came second time. However, Shuja betrayed them because Abdali called Jihad and said it is the duty of every muslim to fight against Kafir when Jihad is called.
Maratha’s tactic was not inferior. Sadashiv Bhau purposely blocked the return path of Abdali because he did not want Abdali to escape from India again without getting severe punishment. However, Maratha’s did not anticipate that people of north India will help Abdali out of fear. Many landlords in Punjab did not provide food supplies to Maratha army because Afghans were known as butchers and they had desecrated Sikh Golden temple and killed thousands of Sikhs. This had terrorized Punjab. There was one landlord who openly told Sadashiv Bhau that he can’t provide any food because if Abdali finds out, he will come back next time and kill him. So Maratha army starved for several months.
Maratha army did not attack for several months because Maratha’s had the best long range and most accurate artillery in entire South Asia and they wanted Abdali to attack first so that Maratha artillery would kill the attacking Afghan army before it could even reach Maratha army. This is exactly the right tactic. In the first three hours of war, Maratha artillery alone killed over 25000 Afghan soldiers but after that some Martha geenerals violated Sadashiv Bhau’s orders and broke their line and started attacking and chasing Afghan army. This was very foolish thing to do and completely spoiled the plan of Sadashiv Bhau who was a master commander. Once hand to hand fighting started Maratha artillery untits could not fire because it would have killed their own soldiers and they were forced to watch helplessly the remainder of the war. If those stupid general had not made such crucial error, Maratha’s would have won convincingly without even losing 100 soldiers.
Please do not insult the brave commander like Sadashiv Bhau by making false comments that he had no plan.
Rajvir Sinhji should chew over # 4 thoughtfully, along with a bowl of his beloved laal maas.
Aap bade khush hain ki Rajput ne Abdali ko bulaya. Surface par rehna achcha lagta hain aapko. Dubki lagao itihaas mein, maza ayega. Nahin to desh banao. Give creative help to people (however small) instead of just commenting, commenting, complaining, complaining. If you want inspiration then read: https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/pune-maid-flooded-with-job-offers-after-her-business-card-goes-viral-2129186?pfrom=home-lateststories
Lol, abdali was called by Rohilla Najib is daula
Stop trolling. Come up with facts rather than speaking with mind full of prejudice and hatred. Be happy Mughals gave us a master piece like Taj Mahal. I hope you have seen it? If not, then please do so.
Who gives damn about it, ever saw jaswant thada in jodhpur, taj mahal is just copy of it in large scale. It is purely built on makrana stone by local architects, whereas the barbarian mughals even hacked the hands of those architect.
And for facts, pls read something then come here. Abdali was called by Najib-ud-Daula as he wanted to have his puppet on delhi.
This is battle should be eye opener, never trust converted muslims of India.
To refresh your history.
1- Neither Rohillas nor the Nawab of Awadh were of Indian origin. They were first or second generation migrants from Afghanistan and Iran and acknowledged those lands as their nation.
2- Naga sadhus fought against Marathas as they were on the pay of Awadh
3- Most of the damage to Abdali’s army was caused by Gardi muskeeters who were native Indians and Muslim by faith
4- Rajput kings of Jodhpur and Jaipur invited Abdali
5- Abdali had better knowledge of North India than Bhau who was visiting it for first time.
6- There is no known record of Bhau considering North India as its motherland. The ostensible reason for the Maratha invasion was to protect the Mughals, who were technically the overlords of the Marathas.
Panipat is an interesting battle but has no great relevance for Non-Marathas and non-Afghans of current generation.
Your history is mostly irational. Marathas had some faults for this incident.they broke their allaince with jats and sikhs,as a result of that jats and sikhs didn’t actively opposed abdali,let him attack marathas.on the other hand it was naga sadhus who fought abdali army after the fall of maratha army,and made them run back to afganisthan.later sikhs and jats also played crucial roll in that.
Any reference to your assertions. Naga Sadhus fought for the Nawab of Awadh, an ally of Abdali. In 1757, they had opposed Abdali.
1) Rajput kings of Jodhpur and Jaipur never invited abdali. Your all point are factually wrong.
2) It was Najib Ud daula who called Abdali, because he wanted to be some Imad-Ul- Mulk of Mughals.
3) Rohilla, and Nawab of Awadh were hybrid, they were local mixed or even some converts . Do you think face of Rohilla Azam khan looks like somebody of Kabul.
4) Marathas was never there to defend some joker whose area of control was till Palam. They were fighting for Indian rule ( Hind Swaraj as envisioned by Shivaji) . They started campaign when Maratha garrison in North West was overran by abdali troops.
5) Panipat has huge relevance for all the people who follow religion of Indian origin and should be eye opener of never trusting a local convert.
6) for Gardi, they were few try like Abdul Kalam.
7) lastly you must change your name from rational to dumb Indian or write with your real Arabi name you convert.
There is no proof of Naga sadhus fighting against Marathas. Another fraud by you.
Naga sadhus definitely fought against Abdali in 1757 AD during his attack of Mathura.
Your ignorance of history makes it not worth my time to debate with you.
1- Please read Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 By Jaswant Lal Mehta (pg. 264) for Rajput kings support to Abdali
2- https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-naga-gosain-sadhus-solidarity-with-awadh-2568169. Please read this for Naga Sadhus support for Abdali.
3- Please read Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 By Jaswant Lal Mehta (pg. 707) for Chhatrapati Shahu accepting the nominal suzernity of Mughal emperor. If he or any subsequent Maratha chhatrapti subsequently rescinded it before 1761 do inform me with references.
4- None of your claims contain references. This shows who is rational and knowledgeable and who is not. I will not waste my time in further debates unless you give references for your points.
I have no Arabic name and I am no convert but you seem to have no mind . Hope you develop one. End of debate from my side.
“Rohilla, and Nawab of Awadh were hybrid, they were local mixed or even some converts . Do you think face of Rohilla Azam khan looks like somebody of Kabul.”
Any proofs. The Rohillas called themselves Pathans, considered themselves Afghans and were called and considered the same as others. Do you dispute that? Same for Nawab of Awadh. Who is the Rohilla commander called Azam Khan? Never heard of him
Lastly, Najib wanted to replace imad-ul-mulk.
Abdali was invited by Najib Khan Rohilla not by Rajput kings.
The Rajput kings at that time had no desire to fight anybody. They were just happy enjoying their life of luxury because hundreds of years of Mughal subjugation had taken its toll.
The leader of Gardi regiment of Maratha artillery force was Ibrahim Khan who was Muslim but many of his solders were Hindu. Some of his soldiers were Maratha Hindu and Muslim and some were Hindu’s from North India. The Gardi regiment was truly a professional army designed and trained on the basis of European regiments of that time. They had the best long range artillery and best guns of that time. Even European powers of that time had tough time matching their fire power. Gardi leader Ibrahim Khan was trained by French general Bussey who later on became famous as the ruler of Pondicherry in TamilNadu.
India should now be making history on the world stage, not wallowing in it.
What do you mean by wallowing it, always learn from what happened.